

Growing up in American, I’ve been aware all my life of the many contributions Italian immigrants have made to the fabric of American culture. However, until recently I was not familiar with Italian seasonal migrant labor in the early 20th century. These “birds of passage” found temporary employment in the U.S. in order to provide for their families in Italy, eventually returning to their homeland.
Migrant workers often worked alongside permanent Italian immigrants in booming U.S. industries such as mining and steel production.
Italian Migrants
Historian Joan L. Saverino, in her publication “‘Domani Ci Zappa’: Italian Immigration and Ethnicity in Pennsylvania,” writes: “[Most Italian immigrants to America] were contadini, a word variously translated as farmers, farm hands, or peasants. Even an expression used by Italian immigrants to indicate work the next day, ‘Domani ci zappa (Tomorrow, it’s work)’ suggests that these immigrants formerly made a living as farm laborers or lived closely connected to the agricultural cycle. The use of the verb ‘zappare,’ is translated literally ‘to hoe.’”
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